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Kote Marjanishvili
Konstantine "Kote" Marjanishvili ((グルジア語:კონსტანტინე () მარჯანიშვილი)), also known by the Russified name Konstantin Aleksandrovich Mardzhanov ((ロシア語:Константи́н Алекса́ндрович Марджанов)) (May 28, 1872 – April 17, 1933), was a Georgian theater director regarded as an important contributor to the pre- and post-revolutionary evolution of Georgian, Russian and Soviet stages.〔Rayfield, Donald] (2000), ''The Literature of Georgia: A History'', pp. 213-4. Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1163-5.〕 One of the most prestigious and professional of Georgia’s directors, he was particularly famous for his lavish and massive theater shows.〔Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed., 2007) (Marjanishvili, Konstantine ). ''Dictionary of Georgian National Biography''. Retrieved on May 7, 2007.〕
== Early career ==
He was born to a well-to-do literary family of an army officer in Kvareli, eastern Georgia, then part of the Tiflis Governorate, Imperial Russia. After acting and directing in his native country from 1893 to 1909, he went to Russia proper, Russifying his surname as Mardzhanov.
He worked for Russian provincial theaters as an actor, then as a director, until he established himself in the Moscow Nezlobin troupe in 1906 and later co-founded the Georgian Drama Studio with Alexander Yuzhin. He quickly gained a reputation as one of the most talented followers of the well-known Russian actor and theater director Konstantin Stanislavsky (1863-1938). As a director, Marjanishvili’s main technique was to guide the actor in finding an instinctive path to realizing "outer truth".〔 In 1910, his versatility was recognized by Stanislavsky himself who invited him at the same time as Edward Gordon Craig to open up the repertoire and production techniques of the Moscow Art Theatre. There he staged works by Knut Hamsun and Henrik Ibsen and assistant-directed the Nemirovich-Danchenko ''Brothers Karamazov'' (1910) and the Craig ''Hamlet'' (1911).〔Stanton, Sarah and Banham, Martin (1996), ''The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre'', p. 230. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-44654-6.〕 Fascinated by Craig’s stylized manner of using puppets, Marjanishvili temporarily returned to Georgia to stage Oedipus Rex in a similar spirit. In 1913, he broke with Stanislavsky due to his left-wing sympathies and his interest in decadence, and organized the eclectic "Free Theater", where he staged opera, operetta, drama and pantomime. The enterprise, notable for its ties with the composer Sergei Rachmaninoff and the singer Feodor Chaliapin, and for its Georgian-type choreography, was rendered abortive in a year due largely to financial problems.〔 He then moved to Rostov-on-Don, where he directed the local theater from 1914 to 1915.〔
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